|
|
| Bromine | |
| Electron Configuration | 2,8,18,7 |
| Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5 |
| Ground state | 2P°3/2 |
| Atomic Volume | 23.5 g/cm3 |
| Electronegativity | 2.96 |
| Magnetic ordering | Non-magnetic |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility | -4.9 x 10-9 |
| Molar magnetic susceptibility | -3.92 x 10-10 |
| Speed of sound | 206 m s-1 |
 Thermal Properties |
|
| Enthalpy of Atomization | 111.7 kJ mol-1 @25°C |
| Enthalpy of Fusion | 10.8 kJ mol-1 |
| Enthalpy of Vaporisation | 30.5 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat Capacity | 75.69 J mol-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Conductivity | 0.122 W m-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Expansion | No data. |
| Electrical Properties |
|
| Electrical resistivity | 7.8 x 1010 Ω m |
| Electrical conductivity | No data. |
| Chemical Properties |
|
| Electrochemical Equivalent | 2.9812 g Ah-1 |
| Valence Electron Potential (-eV) | -7.35 |
| Ionization Potential | |
 First
|
11.814 |
| Second
|
21.8 |
| Third
|
36 |
| Incompatibilities | Combustible organics (sawdust, wood, cotton, straw, etc.), oxidizable material, aqueous ammonia (NH3), hydrogen, acetylene, phosphorus, aluminium, titanium, mercury, potassium, other metals. |
| Flammability |
|
| Noncombustible Liquid
|
| Optical Properties |
|
| Refractive Index (gas) | 1.001132 |
| Energy Levels |
|
| Kα1 (intensity 100) |
11.9242 KeV |
| Kα2 (intensity 50) |
11.8776 KeV |
| Kβ1 (intensity 15.2) |
13.2914 KeV |
| Kβ2 (intensity 2.2) |
13.4671 KeV |
| Kβ3 (intensity 8) |
13.2813 KeV |
| Lα1 (intensity 100) |
1.48043 KeV |
| Lα2 (intensity 10) |
1.48043 KeV |
| Lβ1 (intensity 35.4) |
1.5259 KeV |
| Lβ3 (intensity 3.3) |
1.598 KeV |
| Lβ4 (intensity 0.2) |
1.596 KeV |
| Lγ3 (intensity 3) |
1.339 KeV |
| Ll (intensity 4.5) |
1.295 KeV |
| Atomic Radii |
|
| Empirical
|
115 pm |
| Bohr Radius
|
94 pm |
| Covalent Radius
|
114 pm |
| Van der Waals
|
185 pm |
| Triple covalent
|
110 pm |
| Metallic
|
No data. |
| Ionic Radii (Å) |
||||
| Charge | Coordination | Crystal | Ionic | Key |
| -1 | VI | 1.82 | 1.96 | P |
| 3 | IVSQ | 0.73 | 0.59 | |
| 5 | IIIPY | 0.45 | 0.31 | |
| 7 | IV | 0.39 | 0.25 | |
| VI | 0.53 | 0.39 | A | |
| R, From r3 vs V plots. |
| C, Calculated from bond length - bond strength equations. |
| E, Estimated. |
| *, Most Reliable. |
| M, From Metallic Oxides. |
| A, Ahrens (1952) Ionic radius. |
| P, Pauling's (1960) Crystal Radius. |
| Oxidation States |
|
| Main
|
Br-1, Br+5 |
| Other
|
Br+1, Br+3, Br+4, Br+7 |
Ionisation Energies (kJ mol-1)  |
|
| M - M+ |
1139.9 |
| M+ - M2+ |
2104 |
| M2+ - M3+ |
3500 |
| M3+ - M4+ |
4560 |
| M4+ - M5+ |
5760 |
| M5+ - M6+ |
8550 |
| M6+ - M7+ |
9940 |
| M7+ - M8+ |
18600 |
| M8+ - M9+ |
23900 |
| M9+ - M10+ |
28100 |
| Covalent Bonds (kJ mol-1) |
|
| Br-H
|
366 |
| Br-C
|
286 |
| Br-O
|
234 |
| Br-F
|
285 |
| Br-Br
|
193 |
| Br-B
|
410 |
| Br-Si
|
310 |
| Br-P
|
264 |
| Vapour Pressure |
||||||
| P (Pa) | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1K | 10K | 100K |
| T (K) | 185 | 201 | 220 | 244 | 276 | 332 |
| Crystal Structure |
|
| Structure
|
Orthorhombic |
 |
a = 672.65 pm |
| b = 464.51 pm | |
| c = 870.23 pm | |
| α = 90° | |
| β = 90° | |
| γ = 90° | |